Warum gerade Mangostan?

Ein schwaches Immunsystem ist einer der bekannten Auslöser von Allergien.

Alternative Therapieformen gegen Allergien: Naturheilkundler therapieren Allergien und Störungen des Immunsystems häufig über die Darmsanierung und den Aufbau der Darmflora.
Die Inhaltsstoffe insbesondere der aus Süd-Ost-Asien stammenden Mangostanfrucht unterstützt zu entsäuern, fördert die Ausleitung bzw. Ausscheidung und Blutreinigung. Verschiedene Substanzen binden Giftstoffe. Die Darmgesundheit profitiert in hohem Maße von den bioaktiven Substanzen des Mangostan-Saftes. Auch über diesen Weg wird die Abwehrkraft eines Allergikers und damit dessen Immunantwort beträchtlich gesteigert.

Natürliche Antioxidantien (sogenannte Radikalfänger) - wie in den folgenden Produkten reichhaltig enthalten: Granatapfel, OPC-Traubenkerne, Lycopin, Mangostanfrucht, Acerola-Kirsche, Nopal-Feigenkaktus etc. - können besonders das Immunsystem nachhaltig stärken. Die Heilkräfte dieser Produkte stärken den gesamten Organismus, insbesondere die Abwehrkraft des Körpers und machen ihn stark gegen Allergien.

Mangostan (oder auch Mangostin bzw. Mangosteen genannt) bietet erstaunlich hervorragende Nährwert- und Radikalfängereigenschaften.

Die moderne Wissenschaft hat erst vor kurzem die unglaublichen, nährstoffreichen Vorteile der Mangostan und ihre weitreichenden gesundheitsfördernden Merkmale erkannt. Neben diversen Vitaminen und Mineralstoffen enthält Mangostan insbesondere Xanthone (aktive Anti-aging-Phenole), Polysaccharide, Cathechine, Polysaccharide, Enzyme, Quinone, Stilbene, leistungsfähige Antioxidantien, Phytonutrients sowie ernährungsphysiologisch wertvolle sekundäre Pflanzenstoffe. Diese Kombination von pflanzlichen Verbindungen ist einzigartig.

Diese Nährstoffe aktivieren die Drüsen und Organe des Körpers. Sie fördern die Verdauung, stärken das Immunsystem, schützen vor Freien Radikalen und fördern gesunde Stoffwechselprozesse. Der Alterungsprozess wird verlangsamt, die körperliche und geistige Leistungsfähigkeit steigt. Das Risiko, an altersabhängigen Krankheiten zu erkranken, sinkt. Mangostan und dessen Wirkung wurde in zahlreichen Studien (Quelle: www.pubmed.gov - National Library of Medicine & National Institutes of Health, USA) wissenschaftlich untersucht und analysiert.

Zusammenfassend kann man den aktuellen wissenschaftlichen Stand wie folgt festhalten:

Mangosteen wirkt nachweislich

• unterstützend bei körperlicher und geistiger Ermüdung
• Entzündungshemmend, hilft dem Körper Entzündungen einzudämmen
• Anti-Pyretic, hilft das Fieber zu senken
• Schmerzlindernd
• Antidepressivum, hilft zur Verminderung von Angstzuständen
• Anti-Ulcer, unterstützt bei Geschwüren im Magen, Mund und Darm
• Immunomodulator, unterstützt das Immunsystem
• Renal-Protective, vorbeugend bei Nieren Erkrankungen
• Anti-Aging, verlangsamt die Alterung der Haut und der Zellen
• Anti-Oxidant, enthält Xanthone, bekannt als Super Anti Oxydanzien
• Anti-Seborrheic, hilft bei starker Schuppenbildung verursacht durch Talgdrüsen Überproduktion. Unterstützt bei Seborroe bedingtem Haarausfall
• Anti-Lipidemic, Verbesserung der Blutfette (Cholesterin)
• Anti-Anemic, fördert die Bildung von roten Blutkörperchen
• Anti-Arthritic, hilft bei Ablagerungen in den Gelenken (Arthritis)
• Vorbeugend von Osteoporose (Knochenschwund)
• Anti-Psoriatic, hilft bei Psoriasis
• Verminderung von Migräne
• Anti-Parkinson, vorbeugend bei Parkinson
• Anti-Fungal, hilft bei Pilzerkrankungen, Haut und Fußpilz
• Anti-Viral, reduziert Stärke und Häufigkeit von Virusinfektionen

(Weitere anerkannte Studien und Fachliteratur unter: http://www.mangosteenmd.com)

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In Europa auf dem Vormarsch: Die Mangostanfrucht

Ein sagenhaftes Kraftpaket für Gesundheit, Schönheit und gegen das Altern

Auch wenn der Name ähnlich klingt, sie hat nichts mit der Mango zu tun. Und sie sieht auch ganz anders aus. Den vielzähligen Sagen, Mythen und Überlieferungen ihrer Heilkräfte nach zu urteilen, muss es sich bei der Mangostan um etwas ganz Besonderes handeln! Diese bemerkenswerte südostasiatische Frucht von der Größe einer Kiwi hat bereits Königin Victoria von England in Entzücken versetzt! Es heißt, dass sie demjenigen die Ritterwürde versprach, der ihr einige der edlen violett farbenen Mangostanfrüchte zu bringen vermochte. Die Lieblingsfrucht der Königin erhielt so den Zweitnamen „Königin der Früchte“. Möglich, dass es der wunderbare Geschmack war, der die Herrscherin so begeisterte, vielleicht hat sie aber auch die außerordentliche Gesundheitskraft der Mangostan überzeugt!

Tropische Ursprünge

Ursprünglich in Asien beheimatet, ist die Mangostan in den letzten 150 Jahren auch nach Afrika, in die Karibik, nach Australien und nach Südamerika verbreitet worden. Die Frucht gedeiht an einem immergrünen imposanten Laubbaum, der nur sehr langsam wächst und weit über 100 Jahre alt werden kann. Großflächigen Anbau findet man grundsätzlich nur südlich des 20. Breitenrades nördlicher Breite. Der Baum ist extrem klimaempfindlich und toleriert keine Temperaturen unter 4°C und über 38°C. Nach etwa 20 Jahren sind erste größere Ernten möglich. Ein Mangostanbaum kann viele hundert Früchte tragen. Sehr alte Bäume können es bis zu hundert Jahre lang auf jährlich über 5.000 Früchte bringen!

Gesundheitlich wertvoll

In der traditionellen Volksheilkunde Thailands, Malaysias, der Philippinen, Vietnams, Indiens und Chinas werden die Heilwirkungen der Mangostanfrucht seit Generationen für die Gesundheit genutzt.  So wird die Mangostan zur antibiotischen und antiparasitischen Behandlung bei Wunden, Tuberkulose, Malaria und anderen Infektionen eingesetzt. Ebenso ist in Asien seit langem bekannt, dass die Mangostan hoch wirksame entzündungs- und schmerzhemmende Eigenschaften besitzt und bei Hautausschlägen, Ekzemen und verschiedenen Hautkrankheiten verwendet wird. Überliefert ist die traditionelle Verwendung der Mangostan bei Mundfäule (Entzündung der Mundschleimhaut), bei Katarrhen (Entzündungen von Nase, Hals und Rachen), Blasenentzündungen, Darmproblemen und Durchfall.
Im karibischen Raum wird ein Tee aus Mangostan als Stärkungsmittel gegen Ermüdung und Unwohlsein genutzt. Brasilianer benutzen einen ähnlichen Tee als Verdauungshilfe. Auf den Philippinen wird ein Fruchtextrakt eingesetzt, um Fieber zu senken. Ebenso werden dort aufgeschnittene Mangostanfrüchte traditionell gegen Bauchschmerzen verwendet, indem man sie auf der schmerzenden Stelle verreibt.

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Eine Frucht, die sich wehren kann

Bemerkenswert ist, dass der Baum und seine Früchte lebenslang ohne jegliche Schädlingsbekämpfungsmittel auskommen. Dies zeigt eindrucksvoll, dass die Pflanze über außerordentlich wirksame Abwehrmechanismen und starke bioaktive Substanzen verfügen muss, mit denen sie sich zuverlässig und erfolgreich vor Krankheitserregern und Fraßfeinden schützen kann. Ist es deshalb verwunderlich, wenn immer mehr gesundheitlich positive Auswirkungen nach dem Verzehr von Mangostanfrüchten auch für uns Menschen festgestellt werden?

Kampf gegen freie Radikale

Die Frucht liefert ein unglaubliches Feuerwerk an Nährstoffen. Highlight unter den wertvollen Pflanzenwirkstoffen sind Xanthone, eine bedeutsame gesundheitsunterstützende Wirkstoffgruppe, die zu den Flavonioden zählt. Die Mangostanfrucht ist die reichste natürliche Xanthone-Quelle weltweit. Hauptträger der gesundheitlichen Wirkungen ist das Alpha-Mangostin, das vorrangig im Fruchtfleisch konzentriert ist. Xanthone sind kraftvolle Anti-Aging-Substanzen und effektive Entzündungshemmer, das haben Wissenschaftler nachgewiesen. Diese zählen sie zu den so genannten Superantioxidantien.

Was sind Antioxidantien?

Antioxidantien sind die wichtigsten Gegenspieler zellschädigender freier Radikale. Das sind Millionen aggressiver Verbindungen, die unsere Gesundheit maßgeblich bedrohen, weil sie uns rasant altern lassen und Radikalkrankheiten wie Herz-, Kreislauf-, Krebserkrankungen, Alzheimer, Parkinson und Grauen Star verursachen können. Xanthone sind Breitband-Antioxidantien und können in allen Körperbereichen agieren.

Sie sind speziell für Synergien prädestiniert: Vor allem im Verbund mit weiteren Pflanzenwirkstoffen laufen sie zur Hochform auf und entfalten grandiose Schutzwirkungen. So ist es nicht verwunderlich, dass die Mangostanfrucht – vor allem im Mix mit sekundären Pflanzenstoffen wie z.B. Tomaten-Lycopin, Traubenkern-OPC und natürlicher Ascorbinsäure (Vitamin C) - einen großen Variantenreichtum gesundheitsunterstützender Effekte auslösen kann, von denen sämtliche Körpersysteme partizipieren.

Frische Mangostanfrüchte müssen von Hand geerntet werden und sind trotz ihrer festen, robusten Schale nicht lange haltbar. In unseren Breiten sind Mangostan-früchte mit ca. 10,-€ bis 12,-€ pro Kilo recht teuer. Schon winzige Haarrisse lassen das empfindliche innere weiße Fruchtfleisch schnell verderben.

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Die gute Nachricht

Der Markt bietet seit einiger Zeit hochwertige Natursäfte mit Mangostan an. Der aufmerksame Konsument wird die qualitativen Unterschiede schnell ausfindig  machen. Energetisch wertvoll und daher überaus empfehlenswert für die Gesundheit ist jede synergistische Kombination aus der Mangostanfrucht mit Pflanzen- und Naturstoffen, die antioxidantien- und vitalstoffreich sind und starke Bioaktivstoffe enthalten. Wichtig ist, dass Säfte freivon Zuckerzusätzen sind und dass sie keine künstlichen Konservierungs- und Farbstoffe enthalten.

Bleibt festzuhalten: Ob jung, ob alt, die Kraft der Natur kann dem Zahn der Zeit definitiv die Stirn bieten, man muss sie nur rechtzeitig für sich nutzen und konsequent dabei bleiben.

Wissenschaftliche Studien und internationale Forschungsergebnisse

In Auszügen als Summary:

1. Antioxidant Xanthones From The Pericarp Of Garcinia Mangostana (Mangosteen)

   As part of ongoing research on cancer chemopreventive agents from botanical dietary supplements, Garcinia mangostana L. (commonly known as mangosteen) was selected for detailed study. Repeated chromatography of a CH2Cl2-soluble extract of the pericarp led to the isolation of two new highly oxygenated prenylated xanthones, 8-hydroxycudraxanthone G (1) and mangostingone [7-methoxy-2-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-8-(3-methyl-2-oxo-3-butenyl) -1,3,6-trihydroxyx anthone, 2], together with 12 known xanthones, cudraxanthone G (3), 8-deoxygartanin (4), garcimangosone B (5), garcinone D (6), garcinone E (7), gartanin (8), 1-isomangostin (9), alpha-mangostin (10), gamma-mangostin (11), mangostinone (12), smeathxanthone A (13), and tovophyllin A (14). The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated by spectroscopic data analysis. Except for compound 2, which was isolated as a minor component, the antioxidant activities of all isolates were determined using authentic and morpholinosydnonimine-derived peroxynitrite methods, and compounds 1, 8, 10, 11, and 13 were the most active. Alpha-mangostin (10) inhibited 7,12-dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene-induced preneoplastic lesions in a mouse mammary organ culture assay with an IC50 of 1.0 microg/mL (2.44 microM).

   The full report is available online at J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Mar 22;54(6):2077-82. Jung HA, Su BN, Keller WJ, Mehta RG, Kinghorn AD. Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA. -- may require a subscription to read full text or download PDF.

2. Antioxidative And Neuroprotective Activities Of Extracts From The Fruit Hull Of Mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostana Linn.)

   Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidative and neuroprotective activities of various extracts from the fruit hull of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn., GM). Materials and Methods: Four extracts: water, 50% ethanol, 95% ethanol and ethyl acetate, were used. The antioxidative activity was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free-radical scavenging assay at extract concentrations of 1, 10, 50 and 100 mug/ml. Based on the free radical scavenging activity of the extracts, two (water and 50% ethanol) were selected for their protective activity in NG108-15 neuroblastoma cells against H(2)O(2)-induced oxidative stress and for cell viability using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Results: All extracts exhibited antioxidative activity. The water and 50% ethanol extracts showed high free-radical scavenging activity with IC(50) values of 34.98 +/- 2.24 and 30.76 +/- 1.66 mug/ml, respectively. Both water and 50% ethanol extracts exhibited neuroprotective activity on NG108-15 cells. The highest activity was observed at the concentration of 50 mug/ml for both the water and 50% ethanol extracts. For cytotoxicity test, none of the extracts was toxic to the cells except at the high concentration of 100 mug/ml. Conclusions: These results suggest that the water and 50% ethanol extracts from the fruit hull of GM may be potent neuroprotectants. Copyright (c) 2006 S. Karger AG, Basel.

   The full report is available online at Med Princ Pract. 2006;15(4):281-7. Weecharangsan W, Opanasopit P, Sukma M, Ngawhirunpat T, Sotanaphun U, Siripong P. Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand. -- may require a subscription to read full text or download PDF.

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3. Xanthones And Benzophenones From Garcinia Griffithii And Garcinia Mangostana

   A new polyisoprenylated benzophenone, guttiferone I, together with the known compounds cambogin, 1,7-dihydroxyxanthone, 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxyxanthone and 1,3,5,6-tetrahydroxyxanthone were isolated from the stem bark of Garcinia griffithii. The acetone extract of the heartwood of Garcinia mangostana contained one new diprenylated xanthone (mangoxanthone) and a new benzophenone (3',6-dihydroxy-2,4,4'-trimethoxybenzophenone) as well as the known xanthones dulxanthone D, 1,3,7-trihydroxy-2-methoxyxanthone, 1,3,5-trihydroxy-13,13-dimethyl-2H-pyran[7,6-b]xanthen-9-one. Their structures were established on the basis of spectroscopic studies and chemical correlation.

   The full report is available online at Phytochemistry. 2005 Jul;66(14):1718-23. Nguyen LH, Venkatraman G, Sim KY, Harrison LJ. Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Republic of Singapore. -- may require a subscription to read full text or download PDF.

4. Activity Of Medicinal Plant Extracts Against Hospital Isolates Of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

   Aqueous and ethanolic extracts of ten traditional Thai medicinal plants were investigated for their ability to inhibit 35 hospital isolates of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Nine medicinal plants displayed activity against all isolates tested. Ethanolic extracts of Garcinia mangostana, Punica granatum and Quercus infectoria were most effective, with MICs for MRSA isolates of 0.05-0.4, 0.2-0.4 and 0.2-0.4 mg/mL, respectively, and for S. aureus ATCC 25923 of 0.1, 0.2 and 0.1 mg/mL, respectively. MBCs for MRSA isolates were 0.1-0.4, 1.6-3.2 and 0.4-1.6 mg/mL, and for S. aureus ATCC 25923 were 0.4 , 3.2 and 1.6 mg/mL, respectively.

   The full report is available online at Clin Microbiol Infect. 2005 Jun;11(6):510-2. Voravuthikunchai SP, Kitpipit L. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hatyai, Songkla, Thailand. supayang.v@psu.ac.th -- may require a subscription to read full text or download PDF.

5. Antibacterial Activity Of Alpha-Mangostin Against Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci (Vre) And Synergism With Antibiotics

   Alpha-Mangostin, isolated from the stem bark of Garcinia mangostana L., was found to be active against vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE) and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), with MIC values of 6.25 and 6.25 to 12.5 microg/ml, respectively. Our studies showed synergism between alpha-mangostin and gentamicin (GM) against VRE, and alpha-mangostin and vancomycin hydrochloride (VCM) against MRSA. Further studies showed partial synergism between alpha-mangostin and commercially available antibiotics such as ampicillin and minocycline. These findings suggested that alpha-mangostin alone or in combination with GM against VRE and in combination with VCM against MRSA might be useful in controlling VRE and MRSA infections.

   The full report is available online at Phytomedicine. 2005 Mar;12(3):203-8. Sakagami Y, Iinuma M, Piyasena KG, Dharmaratne HR. Osaka Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Osaka, Japan. sakagami@iph.pref.osaka.jp -- may require a subscription to read full text or download PDF.

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6. Preferential Target Is Mitochondria In Alpha-Mangostin-Induced Apoptosis In Human Leukemia Hl60 Cells

   Our previous study has shown that alpha-mangostin, a xanthone from the pericarps of mangosteen, induces caspase-3-dependent apoptosis in HL60 cells. In the current study, we investigated the mechanism of apoptosis induced by alpha-mangostin in HL60 cells. Alpha-mangostin-treated HL60 cells demonstrated caspase-9 and -3 activation but not -8, which leads us to assume that alpha-mangostin may mediate the mitochondrial pathway in the apoptosis. Parameters of mitochondrial dysfunction including swelling, loss of membrane potential (deltapsim), decrease in intracellular ATP, ROS accumulation, and cytochrome c/AIF release, were observed within 1 or 2 h after the treatment. On the other hand, alpha-mangostin-treatment did not affect expression of bcl-2 family proteins and activation of MAP kinases. These findings indicate that alpha-mangostin preferentially targets mitochondria in the early phase, resulting in indication of apoptosis in HL60 cells. Furthermore, we examined the structure-activity relationship between xanthone derivatives including alpha-mangostin and the potency of deltapsim-loss in HL60 cells. Interestingly, replacement of hydroxyl group by methoxy group remarkably decreased its potency. It was also shown that the cytotoxicity substantially correlated with deltapsim decrease. These results indicate that alpha-mangostin and its analogs would be candidates for preventive and therapeutic application for cancer treatment.

   The full report is available online at Bioorg Med Chem. 2004 Nov 15;12(22):5799-806. Matsumoto K, Akao Y, Yi H, Ohguchi K, Ito T, Tanaka T, Kobayashi E, Iinuma M, Nozawa Y. Gifu International Institute of Biotechnology, 1-1 Naka-Fudogaoka, Kakamigahara, Gifu 504-0838, Japan. kmatsumo@giib.or.jp -- may require a subscription to read full text or download PDF.

7. Inhibitory Effects Of Crude Alpha-Mangostin, A Xanthone Derivative, On Two Different Categories Of Colon Preneoplastic Lesions Induced By 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine In The Rat

   The purpose of this study was to examine whether crude alpha-mangostin (a major xanthone derivative in mangosteen pericarp (Garcinia mangostana)) has short-term chemopreventive effects on putative preneoplastic lesions involved in rat colon carcinogenesis. The crude preparation was obtained by simple recrystallization of an ethylacetate extract of mangosteen pericarps. A total of 33 five-week-old male F344 rats were randomly divided into 5 experimental groups. Rats in groups 1-3 were given a subcutaneous injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)(40 mg/kg body weight) once a week for 2 weeks. Starting one week before the first injection of DMH, rats in groups 2 and 3 were fed a diet containing 0.02% and 0.05% crude alpha-mangostin, respectively, for 5 weeks. Rats in group 4 also received the diet containing 0.05% crude alpha-mangostin, while rats in group 5 served as untreated controls. The experiment was terminated 5 weeks after the start. Dietary administration of crude alpha-mangostin at both doses significantly inhibited the induction and/or development of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) (P< 0.05 for 0.02% crude alpha-mangostin, P<0.01 for 0.05% crude alpha-mangostin), when compared to the DMH-treated group (group 1). Moreover, treatment of rats with 0.05% crude alpha-mangostin significantly decreased dysplastic foci (DF) (P< 0.05) and beta-catenin accumulated crypts (BCAC) (P<0.05), to below the group 1 values. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labeling indices of colon epithelium and focal lesions in groups 2 and 3 were also significantly lower than in group 1 and this effect occurred in a dose dependent manner of the crude alpha-mangostin. This finding that crude alpha-mangostin has potent chemopreventive effects in our short-term colon carcinogenesis bioassay system suggests that longer exposure might result in suppression of tumor development.

   The full report is available online at Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2004 Oct-Dec;5(4):433-8. Nabandith V, Suzui M, Morioka T, Kaneshiro T, Kinjo T, Matsumoto K, Akao Y, Iinuma M, Yoshimi N. Tumor Pathology Division, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0215, Japan. -- may require a subscription to read full text or download PDF.

8. Antiproliferative Activity Of Thai Medicinal Plant Extracts On Human Breast Adenocarcinoma Cell Line

   Ethanolic extracts of selected nine Thai medicinal plants were tested for antiproliferative activity against SKBR3 human breast adenocarcinoma cell line using MTT assay. Garcinia mangostana showed the most potent activity. However, all plant extracts showed activity in potential range for further investigation on cancer cells. Copyright 2004 Elsevier B.V.

   The full report is available online at Fitoterapia. 2004 Jun;75(3-4):375-7. Moongkarndi P, Kosem N, Luanratana O, Jongsomboonkusol S, Pongpan N. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Rajdhevee, Sri Ayudthaya Rd, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. pypmk@mahidol.ac.th -- may require a subscription to read full text or download PDF.

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9. Antiproliferation, Antioxidation And Induction Of Apoptosis By Garcinia Mangostana (Mangosteen) On Skbr3 Human Breast Cancer Cell Line

   This study was designed to determine the antiproliferative, apoptotic and antioxidative properties of crude methanolic extract (CME) from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana (family Guttiferae) using human breast cancer (SKBR3) cell line as a model system. SKBR3 cells were cultured in the presence of CME at various concentrations (0-50 microg/ml) for 48 h and the percentage of cell viability was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-di phenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. CME showed a dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation with ED(50) of 9.25+/-0.64 microg/ml. We found that antiproliferative effect of CME was associated with apoptosis on breast cancer cell line by determinations of morphological changes and oligonucleosomal DNA fragments. In addition, CME at various concentrations and incubation times were also found to inhibit ROS production. These investigations suggested that the methanolic extract from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana had strong antiproliferation, potent antioxidation and induction of apoptosis. Thus, it indicates that this substance can show different activities and has potential for cancer chemoprevention which were dose dependent as well as exposure time dependent.

   The full report is available online at J Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Jan;90(1):161-6. Moongkarndi P, Kosem N, Kaslungka S, Luanratana O, Pongpan N, Neungton N. Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Sri Ayudthaya Road, Rajdhevee, Bangkok 10400, Thailand. pypmk@mahidol.ac.th -- may require a subscription to read full text or download PDF.

10. Induction Of Apoptosis By Xanthones From Mangosteen In Human Leukemia Cell Lines

    We examined the effects of six xanthones from the pericarps of mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana, on the cell growth inhibition of human leukemia cell line HL60. All xanthones displayed growth inhibitory effects. Among them, alpha-mangostin showed complete inhibition at 10 microM through the induction of apoptosis.

    The full report is available online at J Nat Prod. 2003 Aug;66(8):1124-7. Matsumoto K, Akao Y, Kobayashi E, Ohguchi K, Ito T, Tanaka T, Iinuma M, Nozawa Y. Gifu International Institute of Biotechnology, 1-1 Naka-Fudogaoka, Kakamigahara, Gifu 504-0838, Japan. kmatsumoto@giib.or.jp -- may require a subscription to read full text or download PDF.

11. Antimycobacterial Activity Of Prenylated Xanthones From The Fruits Of Garcinia Mangostana

    Prenylated xanthones, isolated from the fruit hulls and the edible arils and seeds of Garcinia mangostana, were tested for their antituberculosis potential. Alpha- and beta-mangostins and garcinone B exhibited strong inhibitory effect against Mycobacterium tuberculosis with the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 6.25 microg/ml. Tri- and tetra-oxygenated xanthones with di-C5 units or with a C5 and a modified C5 groups are essential for high activities. Substitution in the A and C rings has been shown to modify the bioactivity of the compounds.

    The full report is available online at Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo). 2003 Jul;51(7):857-9. Suksamrarn S, Suwannapoch N, Phakhodee W, Thanuhiranlert J, Ratananukul P, Chimnoi N, Suksamrarn A. Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand. sunit@swu.ac.th -- may require a subscription to read full text or download PDF.

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12. Garcinone E, A Xanthone Derivative, Has Potent Cytotoxic Effect Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Lines

    Treatment of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) with chemotherapy has generally been disappointing and it is most desirable to have more effective new drugs. We extracted and purified 6 xanthone compounds from the rinds (peel) of the fruits of Garcinia mangostana L., using partitioned chromatography and then tested the cytotoxic effects of these compounds on a panel of 14 different human cancer cell lines including 6 hepatoma cell lines, based on the MTT method. Several commonly used chemotherapeutic agents were included in the assay to determine the relative potency of the potential new drugs. Our results have shown that one of the xanthone derivatives which could be identified as garcinone E has potent cytotoxic effect on all HCC cell lines as well as on the other gastric and lung cancer cell lines included in the screen. We suggest that garcinone E may be potentially useful for the treatment of certain types of cancer.

    The full report is available online at Planta Med. 2002 Nov;68(11):975-9. Ho CK, Huang YL, Chen CC. Department of Medical Research & Education, Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, ROC. -- may require a subscription to read full text or download PDF.

13. Inhibitions Of Histamine Release And Prostaglandin E2 Synthesis By Mangosteen, A Thai Medicinal Plant

    The fruit hull of mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana L. has been used as a Thai indigenous medicine for many years. However, its mechanism of action as a medicine has not been elucidated. The present study was undertaken to examine the effects of mangosteen extracts (100% ethanol, 70% ethanol, 40% ethanol and water) on histamine release and prostaglandin E2 synthesis. We found that the 40% ethanol extract of mangosteen inhibited IgE-mediated histamine release from RBL-2H3 cells with greater potency than the water extract of Rubus suavissimus that has been used as an anti-allergy crude drug in Japan. All extracts of mangosteen potently inhibited A23187-induced prostaglandin E2 synthesis in C6 rat glioma cells, while the water extract of Rubus suavissimus had no effect. The 40% ethanol extract of mangosteen inhibited the prostaglandin E2 synthesis in a concentration-dependent manner with relatively lower concentrations than the histamine release. In addition, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reactions in rats were significantly inhibited by this ethanol extract as well as by the water extract of Rubus suavissimus. These results suggest that the 40% ethanol extract of mangosteen has potent inhibitory activities of both histamine release and prostaglandin E2 synthesis.

    The full report is available online at Biol Pharm Bull. 2002 Sep;25(9):1137-41. Nakatani K, Atsumi M, Arakawa T, Oosawa K, Shimura S, Nakahata N, Ohizumi Y. School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. Department of Pharmaceutical Molecular Biology, Graduate -- may require a subscription to read full text or download PDF.

14. Xanthones From The Heartwood Of Garcinia Mangostana

    Twelve xanthones were isolated from the hexane extract of the heartwood of Garcinia mangostana from Myanmar. Their structures were determined using 1D and 2D NMR techniques

    The full report is available online at Phytochemistry. 2002 Jul;60(5):541-8. Nilar, Harrison LJ. Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543, Singapore. -- may require a subscription to read full text or download PDF.

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15. Inhibition Of Cyclooxygenase And Prostaglandin E2 Synthesis By Gamma-Mangostin, A Xanthone Derivative In Mangosteen, In C6 Rat Glioma Cells

    The fruit hull of mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana L., has been used for many years as a medicine for treatment of skin infection, wounds, and diarrhea in Southeast Asia. In the present study, we examined the effect of gamma-mangostin, a tetraoxygenated diprenylated xanthone contained in mangosteen, on arachidonic acid (AA) cascade in C6 rat glioma cells. gamma-Mangostin had a potent inhibitory activity of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) release induced by A23187, a Ca2+ ionophore. The inhibition was concentration-dependent, with the IC50 value of about 5 microM. gamma-Mangostin had no inhibitory effect on A23187-induced phosphorylation of p42/p44 extracellular signal regulated kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase or on the liberation of [14C]-AA from the cells labeled with [14C]-AA. However, gamma-mangostin concentration-dependently inhibited the conversion of AA to PGE2 in microsomal preparations, showing its possible inhibition of cyclooxygenase (COX). In enzyme assay in vitro, gamma-mangostin inhibited the activities of both constitutive COX (COX-1) and inducible COX (COX-2) in a concentration-dependent manner, with the IC50 values of about 0.8 and 2 microM, respectively. Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis indicated that gamma-mangostin competitively inhibited the activities of both COX-1 and -2. This study is a first demonstration that gamma-mangostin, a xanthone derivative, directly inhibits COX activity.

    The full report is available online at Biochem Pharmacol. 2002 Jan 1;63(1):73-9. Nakatani K, Nakahata N, Arakawa T, Yasuda H, Ohizumi Y. Department of Pharmaceutical Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, 980-8578, Sendai, Japan. -- may require a subscription to read full text or download PDF.

16. Sigmoid Colon Perforation By Ingested Sandorica Seed

    This retrospective descriptive study of Sigmoid colon perforation by ingested Sandorica seed in patients who were admitted to Prachomklao Hospital from 1996 to 2000. Nine cases were included in this study. Most cases were elderly with a mean age of 65 years (range 52-78 years). The main symptoms were abdominal pain with generalized peritonitis and severe tenderness at the suprapubic area, ileus and persistent vomiting. In all cases, the diagnosis was made at operation, with removal of the Sandorica seed, closure of the perforation at the rectosigmoid colon with simple suture and proximal transverse loop colostomy. Post-operative complications included two cases of wound infection.

    The full report is available online at J Med Assoc Thai. 2001 Dec;84(12):1751-3. Somboonpanya P. Department of Surgery, Prachomklao Hospital, Phetchaburi, Thailand. -- may require a subscription to read full text or download PDF.

17. Malaria In Tree Crop Plantations In South-Eastern And Western Provinces Of Thailand

    During the past three decades almost half of the existing natural tropical forests in Thailand were destroyed and replaced by cash crops, rubber, coffee, fruit orchards (durian, rambutan, mangosteen) and other commercial plantations. In order to determine the proportion of malaria cases contracted from such commercial plantations, an epidemiological study was conducted between June 1996 to May 1997 in two districts, one in Pong Nam Ron, located in a south-eastern province near the Cambodian border and another in Sai Yok, in a western province along the Myanmar border. Data were collected by passive case detection from patients attending the existing malaria clinics and active case detection by monthly malariometric survey in selected villages. All malaria cases were thoroughly investigated and classified according to exposure to different ecotypes prior to onset of malaria symptoms in the preceding two weeks. Malaria cases acquired from commercial plantations accounted for 35.2% and 11.2% in Pong Nam Ron and in Sai Yok districts respectively. In such plantations, most of the malaria cases were contracted from fruit orchards and to a lesser extent from rubber and teak plantations. From this study it is evident that commercial plantations provide a significant site of malaria transmission in addition to the forest and foothills areas in Southeast Asia where efficient vectors such as An. dirus and An. minimus are prevalent and have adapted to such changed ecosystems.

    The full report is available online at Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1999 Sep;30(3):399-404. Singhasivanon P, Thimasarn K, Yimsamran S, Linthicum K, Nualchawee K, Dawreang D, Kongrod S, Premmanisakul N, Maneeboonyang W, Salazar N. Department of Tropical Hygiene, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. tmpsh@mahidol.ac.th -- may require a subscription to read full text or download PDF.

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18. Characterization Of Acyl-Acp Thioesterases Of Mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostana) Seed And High Levels Of Stearate Production In Transgenic Canola

    Acyl-acyl-carrier protein (ACP) thioesterases are, at least in part, responsible for the fatty acyl chain length composition of seed storage oils. Acyl-ACP thioesterases with specificity for each of the saturated acyl-ACP substrates from 8:0 through 16:0 have been cloned, with the exception of 18:0, and are members of the FatB class of thioesterases. The authors have determined that the tropical tree species mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) stores 18:0 (stearate) in its seed oil in amounts of up to 56% by weight. Acyl-ACP thioesterase activity as measured in crude mangosteen seed extracts showed a preference for 18:1-ACP substrates, but had significant activity with 18:0 relative to that with 16:0-ACP, suggesting a thioesterase might be involved in the production of stearate. Three distinct acyl-ACP thioesterases were cloned from mangosteen seed cDNA; two representative of the FatA class and one representative of the FatB class. When expressed in vitro, the enzyme encoded by one of the FatAs (Garm FatA1) while preferring 18:1-ACP showed relatively low activity with 16:0-ACP as compared to 18:0-ACP, similar to the substrate preferences shown by the crude seed extract. Expression of Garm FatA1 in Brassica seeds led to the accumulation of stearate up to 22% in seed oil. These results suggest that Garm FatA1 is at least partially responsible for determining the high stearate composition of mangosteen seed oil and that FatA as well FatB thioesterases have evolved for specialized roles.

    The full report is available online at Plant J. 1998 Mar;13(6):743-52. Hawkins DJ, Kridl JC. Calgene, Inc., Davis, CA 95616, USA. -- may require a subscription to read full text or download PDF.

19. Immunopharmacological Activity Of Polysaccharide From The Pericarb Of Mangosteen Garcinia: Phagocytic Intracellular Killing Activities

    Polysaccharides from the pericarbs of mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana Linn., was obtained by treating the dried ground pericarbs with hot water followed by ethanol precipitation (M fraction). The extract was fractionated by anion exchange chromatography on a DEAE-cellulose column as MDE1-5 fractions. The fractions of MDE3 and MDE4 composed of mainly D-galacturonic acid and a small amount of neutral sugar (L-arabinose as the major one and L-rhamnose and D-galactose as the minor ones) were studied for immunopharmacological activities by phagocytic test to intracellular bacteria (Salmonella enteritidis) and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) and superoxide generation tests. The results showed that the number of S. enteritidis in cultured monocyte with extract of pericarb of mangosteen (MDE3) was killed. Activating score (mean +/- SD) of NBT test of 100 polymorphonuclear phagocytic cells were 145 +/- 78, 338 +/- 58, 222 +/- 73, 209 +/- 77, 211 +/- 63, 372 +/- 19, 369 +/- 20, 355 +/- 34 in normal saline control, phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), MDE3, MDE4, indomethacin (I), PMA + MDE3, PMA + MDE4 and PMA + I, respectively. Superoxide generation test was also done by color reduction of cytochrome c. Both MDE3 and MDE4 stimulate superoxide production. The number of S. enteritidis in cultured monocyte with extract of pericarb of mangosteen was killed. This paper suggests that polysaccharides in the extract can stimulate phagocytic cells and kill intracellular bacteria (S. enteritidis).

    The full report is available online at J Med Assoc Thai. 1997 Sep;80 Suppl 1:S149-54. Chanarat P, Chanarat N, Fujihara M, Nagumo T. Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Thailand. -- may require a subscription to read full text or download PDF.

20. Histaminergic And Serotonergic Receptor Blocking Substances From The Medicinal Plant Garcinia Mangostana

    A crude methanolic extract of the fruit hull of Mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana L. inhibited the contractions of isolated thoracic rabbit aorta induced by histamine and serotonin. The extract of the fruit hull has been fractionated by silica gel chromatography, monitoring the pharmacological activity to give alpha- and gamma-mangostin. On the basis of pharmacological data, it is suggested that alpha-mangostin and gamma-mangostin are a histaminergic and a serotonergic receptor blocking agent, respectively.

    The full report is available online at Planta Med. 1996 Oct;62(5):471-2. Chairungsrilerd N, Furukawa K, Ohta T, Nozoe S, Ohizumi Y. -- may require a subscription to read full text or download PDF.

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21. Study Of Genotoxic Effects Of Antidiarrheal Medicinal Herbs On Human Cells In Vitro

    The use of medicinal herbs has been a common practice in Asia but their genotoxic properties are little known. In the present study, genotoxic effects of three antidiarrheal herbs, guava leaf, mangosteen peel and pomegranate peel, were examined using established human cell lines, Raji and P3HR-1. Cells were treated with boiled-water extract of the herbs at various concentrations for 24 and 48 hours in vitro. Cell growth and viability were dose dependently reduced. No apparent chromosomal aberrations were induced by the treatment. Administration of pomegranate extract induced apoptotic DNA fragmentation. This genotoxicity test system is simple and convenient for the primary screening.

    The full report is available online at Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1995;26 Suppl 1:306-10. Settheetham W, Ishida T. Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand. -- may require a subscription to read full text or download PDF.

22. Influence Of Irradiance On Photosynthesis, Morphology And Growth Of Mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostana L.) Seedlings

    The influence of shading intensity on growth, morphology and leaf gas exchange of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) seedlings was investigated over a 2-year period. Diurnal gas exchange studies revealed significantly higher carbon gain for leaves grown in 20 or 50% shade compared to leaves grown in 80% shade. Seedlings grown in 20 or 50% shade accumulated significantly more dry weight than seedlings grown in 80% shade during the 2-year study period. Seedlings grown in decreased shade showed decreased leaf size, increased leaf thickness, lower specific leaf area (SLA) and higher stomatal frequency. Less shaded seedlings also allocated relatively more dry matter to roots than shaded seedlings and exhibited a significant reduction in leaf area relative to total plant dry weight (leaf area ratio). Increased leaf number, enhanced branching and shorter internodes resulted in a more compact appearance of less shaded seedlings. Irrespective of light conditions, mangosteen seedlings exhibited inherently slow growth because of low photosynthetic rates per unit leaf area, low SLA, low leaf area ratios and inefficient root systems.

    The full report is available online at Tree Physiol. 1994 Mar;14(3):263-74. Wiebel J, Chacko EK, Downton WJ, Ludders P. CSIRO, Division of Horticulture, PMB 44, Winnellie, N.T. 0821, Australia. -- may require a subscription to read full text or download PDF.

23. Gas Exchange Characteristics Of Mangosteen (Garcinia Mangostana L.) Leaves

    Gas exchange responses of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) leaves to photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD), internal CO(2) concentration (C(i)), leaf-air vapor pressure deficit (VPD), leaf temperature (T(l)) and time of day were investigated in plants grown in three shade treatments. Maximal photosynthetic rate (P(n(max))) per unit leaf area at light saturation did not differ significantly among plants grown in the different shade treatments despite significant morphological differences. Light compensation point (9-15 micro mol m(-2) s(-1)) and quantum yield ( 0.022-0.023) did not differ significantly among treatments, whereas light saturation point was significantly higher for leaves grown in 20% shade than for leaves grown in 50 or 80% shade (951, 645 and 555 micro mol m(-2) s(-1), respectively). Shade treatments significantly affected assimilation responses to varying CO(2) concentrations. At CO(2) concentrations between 600 and 1000 micro mol mol(-1), leaves from the 20% shade treatment recorded higher P(n) ( 6.44 micro mol m(-2) s(-1)) than leaves from the 80% shade treatment (4.57 micro mol m(-2) s(-1)). Stomatal conductance (g(s)) decreased with increasing CO(2) concentrations. Vapor pressure deficits higher than 2.5 kPa significantly decreased P(n) and g(s), whereas P(n) remained steady over a 24-33 degrees C temperature range in leaves in 80% shade and over a 27-36 degrees C range in leaves in 20 and 50% shade. Highest carbon gain during a 12-hour photoperiod was observed for leaves grown in 50% shade. The results imply that mangosteen is a shade-tolerant, lower canopy tree adapted to humid tropical lowlands. Providing low VPD in the nursery may result in maximal growth. However leaves of seedlings grown in 50 or 20% shade tolerated high VPD and temperatures better than leaves of seedlings grown in 80% shade, indicating some adaptability to the seasonally wet and dry tropics of northern Australia.

    The full report is available online at Tree Physiol. 1993 Jul;13(1):55-69. Wiebel J, Eamus D, Chacko EK, Downton WJ, Ludders P. CSIRO, Division of Horticulture, Private Mail Bag 44, Winnellie, NT 0821, Australia. -- may require a subscription to read full text or download PDF.

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24. Inhibition Of Wheat Embryo Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinase And Other Kinases By Mangostin And Gamma-Mangostin

    The hull of the fruit of the mangosteen tree (Garcinia mangostana) contains four inhibitors of plant Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase. Two of these inhibitors have been purified and identified as the xanthones 1,3,6-trihydroxy-7-methoxy-2,8-bis(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-9H- xanthen-9-one (mangostin) and 1,3,6,7-tetrahydroxy-2,8-bis(3-methyl-2-butenyl)- 9H-xanthen-9-one (gamma-mangostin). Both xanthones also inhibit avian myosin light chain kinase and rat liver cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. This is the first report of inhibition of plant and animal second messenger-regulated protein kinases by plant-derived xanthones.

    The full report is available online atright Phytochemistry. 1992 Nov;31(11):3711-3. Jinsart W, Ternai B, Buddhasukh D, Polya GM. Department of Chemistry, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia. -- may require a subscription to read full text or download PDF.